Transmission of electrical energy.



Wfl-1 GRADQLPH a; w. c. HAHNE.

TRANSMISSIGN 0F ELECTRICAL ENERGY,

APPLUATION FA'ILBD DEG.20,1905.

Patentd May 24, 191i).

2 SHEETS-SHEET l W. F. GRADOLPH & W. G. HAI-INE.

TRANSMISSION 0E ELECTRICAL ENERGY.

l.APPLICATION FILED DEU. 20, 1905.

Patented May 24, 1910.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

- esegesi?.

y,iiiafiiiEiD srArEs PATENT oEEIoE.

WIELLAM F. GRADOLPH, OF ST; LOUIS, MI

'whom 'Lt ma/y concern:

Be. it, known that we, `VVILLIABI F. DoLri-i, a resident of the city of St. Louis, in

the .State of Missouri, and TILLiAM C.

HAIINE, a. resident of Chicago, in the count-y .of Cook and State of lllinois, bot-li citizens` of the United States, have invente-d certain new and useful Improvements in Translmission o Electrical Energy, of which the 'following .is a specification, reference being had to the drawingr accompanying and foi-nr. ing part of the saine.

Our invention relates to the transmission of electrical energy1 by means of alternating or undulating currents, Aand brictlyistated,

.our` primary lobject is to overcome certain wellx known diiliculties which have heretofore hunted the distance oveiwhich the currentcan be successfully transmitted.

`Oui-invention is applicable to a great variety ot generatingr and translating delv vices, for instance, `the vtransmission of power, for telephony and tor electric signal- -ingi f Y.

In the transmission of simple electrical wave over an electrical conductor ot great length characterized by high resi-stance, electrostatic capacity` and inductive leakages,

j the energy lost or dissipated is proportional to and expressible in simple terms ot'thc reactive constants ofthe system, and there is no distortion of the wave form.

,O ui method of transmission of electrical 'energy for any purpose whatever reduces,

by a, much greater degree than by any previous means, the self or static induction ot the line, thus .very greatly increasing` .the distance'over which successful transn'iission ot' 'f electrical energy can be accomplished; and,

lating, or intermittent currents, it is well known that the high capacity of closely associated conductors is a great hindrance to economic transmission and a preventive of .t.ransini'ssion through underground cables of anyI great length. It has been proposed for a number of years, to .obviate theexcessive charging current existing in a Circuit of this I kind, by introducing into the circuit in vari- "-ous manners reactance coils which should TRANSMISSION or ELECTRICAL ENERGY.

specication of Letters raient. Patented .May gig 1910 Application filed December 20, 1905. Serial No. 292,529. -v

cause the current of equal and opposite 'effect to the capacitycurrent in the circuit, and' annul it. None of these proved effectual when tried in actual service until recently, when the theory of the design and. placing of suchl loading coils was evolved, and itwas found that if they were arranged in: series with thc conductors, at proper intervals, which arp determinable `by mathematics, the elliciency of transmissionl was 'increased. There are many disadvantages of' this arrangement, however, prominent: among which is the expense of' the coils themselves,

and in underground cable work, the expense n of the, frequent building of vaults and'boxes ssoUIiI, AND WILLIAM C. HARNE, 0F CIII- V .f'geeedjILLINoIs, AssIGNoRs To GRADOLPII ELECTRIC COMPANY, or sfr. LoUIs, fMIssoURI, ACoEIaoRATIoN or MISSOURI.

to contain these coils'. To this we may add 7 0 the ditliciilty of access'totheseicoils which are embedded in au insulating compound* and cannot be repaired without removing the entire containing box, and the diliicultyj due -to magnetic induction between different circuits .duerto the overlapping;magnetic fields of these reactive coils.,

The line losses in a power transmissionf'. circuit. due to self and static induction, are" ot' vital importance; and, inasmuchas invention overcomes these effects to so, con

vsidei'ahle a degree, we are enabled tof deliver to' ihe translating device, whatever it mayr be, a larger proportion ot the generated current than has, so far as we are aware, been possible in the s vstenis heretofore -pioposed.

The Anature of our invention will be more readily coniprcliended in connection with the preferred type ot apparatus,and, therelore. reference will now lie made tothe ac- (-.onipairving drawing, wherein said apparatus is illustrated diagraimnatically.

liigure l shows a system'involving theI application ot our invention for industrial' power purposes; Fig. l is a diagram .show

ing graphically the current waves when in phase, as in the ordinary practce of alt-en nating ciirrents-illustrating the phase rcla tion of currents in -thc ordinary circuit containingonly resistance; Fig. 3 is 'a diagram showing current waves as displaced in phase' by our invention, theA current on onev side vleading` by approximately 90 whileon the other side it lags approximately 90, ano 4has no reference t-o the E. M. F., as eurrentlonly v can be displaced; Fig. 4 4is v@diagram which shows graphically the conditioiroflthe cnr- As shown in the drawing, 1 is a diagramwhich illustrates asimple wayV of applying our invention in a singlephase system 1n which the translating device is a motor, and, for the sake of clearness, all stepdown transformers, rectifiers, or other `apparatus,which may be desirable touse in actual practice, are,l omitted.

- single phase cn'cuit, add up;

Referring by numeralsto the accompany,- ingdrawings :-10 designates a single phase enerator, with which the primary-transormer windings 11 and 12 are connected in multiple. l

13 and 14 designate the two line wires, the former of whichis connected` to the secondary windin 1 5 through the choke or4 impedance coi 16, and the latter is connected directl to the secondarywinding 17..

18` esignates the translating apparatus, which, in the (present instance, isa motor, and at that en of the circuit in the line 14 Ais laced a choke orlimpedan'ce coil 19.'

onnected with vthe central or neutral point between the secondary w1ndings 15 and 17 is thesurging orbuii'er line 20, and.- in accordance with the broad spirit. of 'our invention, this line maybe grounded as 1ndieated in Fig. 6 or connected with the translating apparatus as indicated in `Fig. 5, o r may be kept open as indicated in Fig. 1, which latter plan we consider preferable; and, if such bev the case, the length of the surging line is by preference somewhat greater than a wave length. f

- 21 desi nates the secondary winding of the trans ormer, which is connected to the translating apparatus; 22 and 23 the pri-- mary windings, to whichare respectively connected the conductors 13 and 14 of the external circuit; and connected to and leading from the central or neutral point between these rimary' windings 22 and-23 is a surging or Entier line 24, which is in length somewhat .greater than a wave length, and

`which may be grounded; or, in some instances, it may be connected to the surging line 20.-

f The operation of this system is,to the best of our knowledge and belief, as follows: The currents produced by the generator 10 passing through the primary coils 11 and 12 are by induction, reproduced 1nv the secon ary coils 15 and 17;`and these'induced currents beingin phase would, in a simple but the liue 20, slightly greater than a wave length, permits a. surgeor wave to take pla e 1n 1t, thus per# forming what might be ter l ed, the function of a buffer, so that the independence o'f the through one circuit is caused to lag ap two secondary currents is preserved. The

current from the secondary winding 15 is,

by the impedance coil 16, caused to lag -approximately 90 behind theE. M. F.,

while` the current in the opposite line 14 ,iowing from 'the secondary coil 1'1" is by the electrostatic capacity or condenser' effect of the lines 13 and 14 and the surging line 2O caused to lead the E. M. F. by approximately 90, throughout the. entire line 14 until the impedance 10 is reached. The result is an out-of-phase 'condition in lines 13 I and 14 to the extent of approximately 180 between the two currents, as graphically illust-rated in Figs. 3 and 4.

Fig. 2 illustrates the phaserelationof currents flowing in a circuit which contains only-resistance, and the current at any instantis proportional to the instantaneous value of the impressed E. M. F, It is seeni that the waves pass through zero and reach their-maximum valuesat the same instant and are said tobe in phase, and it'will be further noted that the polarity of the currentwave in one line is always of contrary sign tothe current wave in the otherthat is to say the direction, at any instant', of the current flow in oneline is opposite to that of the current flowin the otherv line. v0n

the other hand, it will be notedthat in Fi s. 3 and 4,- which represent what would be t e ideal conditions. of our method or system, thelpolarities in the two lines are always of the same sign-that is, the direction of thecurrent flow, at any instant, in one line is the same as that in the other-and'consequcntly.

if such ideal conditions could `be attained in practice, the self induction and capacity effeet between the lines would be zero. By

roviding the surging line 20, the currents 1n thelines 13 and 14 are in effect independent. .The result is that the impedance 16 affects only the current in' line. 13, while the condenser action of the lines 14 and 20 affects only the current in the latter; and, for

thisreason, the phase in .line '13 is retarded,`

while in line 14 the phase lis advanced, and the waves lare transmitted over the circuit, with a phase relation at least approaching that'shown in Figs.- 3 and 4. The surging lines 2O and 24 combined with thelines 13 and 14 and the variouscoils therein form two,practically independent circuits, and by the .particular arrangement of the impedance coils 16 and-19 the current flowing roximately 90 behind the E. M. F., whi e the coils at the endl of the circuit provided with When the currents, which the generator. l are approximately 180 out of phase, reach the primary ceils 22 and 23 of the tiai'islat1A ing apparatus 18 at the end of tlie line, the impedance 19 the primary coil causes the phase relatien to be. restored least. Dartially to the original relation, se that there is produce@ a diiierence of potentiai eeross the trans'licri'ner, comprising the coils 2l, 22, anol 23, and the current waves consequently restored to their erigii l eenitions and in. such conditions delivered to the motor er other translating device. Te be more specie, in the operation oni" system, reference being heet te ig. l o the drawings, when. energjvT is applied. vto the primary windings 3 1 and l2 it induces a. cuiv rent in the secondary windings l and 17., l/Vincling l sends the current ont eve the Aine l5 through the impedance coil i6 anni out over the surging line :20, While coil f sends the current out over the line le surging line 20. it is obvious that the current generated in coil l5 will send a posit-ive or negative impulse, Whichever the cese may be, (int over line i3, and of the opposite polarity on line 20. Likewise, when "nrrent is generated in the coil l?, e po ive or negative impulse, Whichever the case nnzy be, is sent ont ever lines lei; anni 20, and at all times will the currents gene d by the coils l5 and 17 be either positive or negativo at the saine instant on the lines 1:5 enti ll,

`the surging or butler lines 2O and 24 due to the act-ion of the iin'petlance Uf, in conjunction with that of capacity existing on the lines 13, .le and 20. ltis f possible that part of the energy set np: by the coil lo will pass out over the circuits' 13 and 20 Without taking the paths l? anal it, and again, Qart oif the energy se up by the coil l? will pe out over le ein Zwvithont taking the paths l5 and lf3. lr. is nhvions that we muy consicer that part et the energy of the coil l5 takes in each place .he paths l, 13 and 20, and that part oi the energy of coil l? takes in each place the paths 111-, 17 and 20, in which case an iinlepcrulcnt action of coils l5 and l1' is preserved.

lt is believed from numerous tests and eli-- perinients of this system that its snccesstui operation depends upon. the impedance ant?. and he the capacity conditions existing between lines 13 and ll, J3 and 20, anil anni and their inductive relations to each other.

it will be understood, of course, that the incre nearly the currents in the two lines are kept 180D eut of phase, and the more nearlyv they are brought into phase at the translating device, the greater percentage energ is delivered to said translating fleviCe, and, it is, therefore, desirable to approximate these conditions tar es pessible.

it may be stated that While the line cen-- i ,eters .may be in any pesition relative each other, they must, in every instance,

'n infhxctive relation tothe Surg" the reason that any action bef ine anal. the transmission lines 1s will he nnclerstootl that where the surging;T line extends to the translating' device, the line conductors, it in inductive .relation thereto, a also in inductive relation to each other.

lille do not or method of tiansniittin@v electrical energy herein disclosed, that nas been made the subject of application, No. 553,976, filed by us on the 7th luy of April 1910, as a {livision oi this ease.

'Xahat vae claim is:

l. in a system lor the transmission of electrical energy. a. source of alternating currents, a metallic Circuit` the lines of which are' in inflnctive relation to each other, an impedance device ,located in one of the said lines., and a surging line iu inductive relation to both of the said lines, thc`sai l impedance and surging line cooperating to alter the normal phase relation et the current in one line relative to that in the other, substantially as forth.

.ln a system for thc iransnxisshm olt electrical energy over u metallic circuit, thc lines ci" which an.l in inductive .relation to each other. a source ol" allcrlmiing currents, un impedance device located in om1 oif the li'nes oi the circuit and arranged to cause a lag in the phase ct the current in that line, and a non-cominiwus or incomplete nni'alliel -cireuilV in inductive relation to the two lines et the circuit arranged to alter the normal phase relations of the current in the tvvo lines of working; circuit.

il. in n system for the transmission of .crical cnergyoif'er a metallic circuit, the tivo lines ot" which are in imlnctive relation to each other, a source ci alternating cnrrenls. impedanccs located respectively in sci-ics with the lines and near the opposite cniis ct' the saidY circuits, and surging lines iu inductive relation to both lines of the said circui/ and arranlgjcil respectively near each cnil ol' the circuit for altering the normal phase relations of the currents in the lines o; the circuit'. anal causing the trans initieel currents to he ot like polarity on both lines of the circuit.1 and For vrestoring the currents to their original polarity at the receiving end of the line.

in .sj/stein fer the transmission of electrical energy, the combination of a source of alternating' currents, translating apparatus, a circuit, the sides of which are in inductive relation 'lo each other, cond nee"ng the said source el current anti translating .xiparatns, an impedance near the crrrent supply eno. of thecircnitanfl i ilu in this ease claim the process lines of the circuit for changing the normal phase relation ci tlie currents in the tivc lines of the circuit, :unl unctlier impedance near the other cnil of the circuit und zi sure;- in;v line in inductive rele-,tien ic Clie circuit,

for resti'iring tile pluisc'relntion uli the liensineens ilse lo ,ulerl neer the u'crcsziiil 'l the circuit, in inductive relation te zi cceperuting Willi one line of the circuit to advance ille phase ci' lie current in tlie other suie of the cu' "uit, unil nieu. iocut, neer the current delivery end of ille circin substantially similiar tc the efereseiil means at the clii'iciit-siipply end ci the circuit out oppositcl)7 disposed with reference 'to lines of the circuit, lcr resiicring if, relations before the current ile-lii'crefl te the trunslui'incl apparatus.

(3. ln :l system for llie trunsinissicn oi' electrical energy, ille combination willi :i source ci single phase currents, in transformer having primary windings conncctcci in multiple with cncli other and in series with the said source, n secondary circuit, and translating apparatus inV the circuit, oit means in one side or the secondary circuit adjacent to the transformer to returd the phase ci the currents in sziicl siiJ e surging: line in inductive relation to bo li sides of the circuit extending from the neu ofv the seconury Winrliiig ci former and means for restcriin` the circuit at the transletine' en* D A J set forth.

7. In a system ier the trensn'iis ion ci electrical energypi scurcc ci el currents, a circuit 'the sides e ui iuductivc relation tcieecli ether" en n eclcnce 1. s 7 coil 1n each side or line or scie circuit,

located respectively neer. the end Where is electrical energy, i generator, zi circuit, the siilcs ci which ere in inductive relation to mieli ether, un iinpeilzincc located in cne side ci? said circuit zicijncent the generzitcr, a, surging line located adjacent the seu-ccc oi generation, n trunsliiting cppurctus, rin iniperlunce located in. the epposite siile of said lciricuit m'ljucent the truuelut-ing ziiyrrzituS,

unil zi surging line located adjacent translating apparatus. v

9. ln :i sysieni ier ille lrzinslnission of electrical enemy, the ccnilainnti ,source ci.I alternating; curi-ents, trzinslii ineens, n metzillic circuit connecting source oi currents finit Llic i'iwinslcitingn ineens, clic sides ol' which are in inductive relation to ezicii other, :in iinijieilzince in eiicli line of llic circuit rirrzinrfeifl uiiuiiccut to llie source currents :1nd flic lrzuisliiling ineens respeclivel)T und surging` l`ncs in inductive reliilien to belli sides of i i circuit rieur the opposite eiuls ther-coi i iilv Darts ce operating to [irl:4 pccilui f, in bei sides ille .siiiil circuit ut ilie :annie li like polarity, :in/l ''licn te ore sind curinail i )iurily lieforc being rens io their oi L ili'ilivcrcil to 'ille irainslziiing nieuws.

l?. ln :i sy, 'tor ille trui mission of' elcrriczil ener combination with :i source et single plm. cuts, trunff' ineens, n nietiallic circuit connecting- Lilie nrce of currents unil the translating ineens, the sides et 'which circuit irc in 'illfluctive relation to cach other, en. impedance in series with the line'wliicli constitutes one side ci? the circuit und in the engl. thereof Where is located the source ci' current supply, :i sur;D ng line in inductive reluticn tc l 1l r\)()`rl sides of vthe circuit et 'the suirl enel, the sziiil parts cooperating' to retard the current (lelivereil te the line in one side ci the circuit and cerrespcnclinglj; clvancing it the ollier side tlicree, :rml i ieflcccc located in 'tlie Opposite line ci' t ie i* cuit from that ir liiclr is located tlie fi' mentioned im-l peccnce, crisi in *Cie end ci the circuit in c is the trai means incl surgl 'Jereletion with both line ie circuit et tirs cnil Where is located. the t ensle lub ineens, last Seidl parte c0- enercting te retard the advanced current advance the rete decl c 'renc jarlllllffli. 

